低耗环保COD测定方法的研究

介绍了减量传统法和快速密封消解法两种低耗、环保的COD测定方法.减量传统法是在传统COD测定方法的基础上,将水样体积降低,并相应地减少试剂的用量.用减量传统法分别测定邻苯二甲酸氢钾、葡萄糖和苯酚标准溶液的COD,测定结果准确度高,重现性好.用焦化废水水样和生活污水水样进行对比验证,结果表明减量传统法对两种实际废水均有较高的准确度和精密度,其对成分复杂的焦化废水水样COD测定的准确度和精密度稍低,但仍可满足常用分析.使用常用的美国HACH数字消解器,以价格低廉、配置简单的自配试剂替代进口HACH管装试剂,不仅可以取得同样良好的COD测定结果,而且可以将消解时间从2 h降低为15min.另外,用实验室普通分光光度计替代HACH配套分光光度计,更降低了测试成本,有利于快速密封消解法的推广.     

日立180/80原子吸收分光光度计汞分析仪附件使用方法的改进

针对日立 1 80 / 80原子吸收分光光度计汞分析仪附件设计的不足之处 ,在理论和实践的基础上提出了 5条具体的改进措施 ,并对改进前后仪器的使用性能作了对比。改进后仪器的灵敏度大大提高 ,所测数据的精密度及精确度均达国家标准     

T3WS便携式水质快速检测仪在环境监测中的应用研究

便携式水质快速检测仪具有测量速度快、体积小、重量轻、便于携带等特点,特别适用于水质现场快速测定.在T3WS快速检测仪30余个项目中选择六价铬、甲醛、砷、氨氮、硫化物等五项常用指标,进行试管一致性、校准曲线斜率、截距、相关系数、检出限、测定范围、精密度、准确度以及与实验室分析方法比对等试验.结果表明,T3WS快速检测仪测试标准样品测试结果均在允许误差范围内,标准样品及地袁水、废水样品测试结果的相对偏差均小于10％,与实验室分析结果之间最大相对误差分别为-6.1％、15.9％、15％、-7.2％、-21.0％,T3WS便携式水质快速检测仪用于水质现场快速测定结果的精密度与准确度是可以接受的.     

铝—铬天青S—聚乙烯醇体系光度法测定沉积物中的铝

在聚乙炮醇增溶剂的作用下，用铬天青Ｓ测定铝的分光光度法，研究了铝（Ⅲ）－铬天青Ｓ－聚乙烯醇配合物形成的最佳条件。该法的回收率为９７．６８％－１００．６０％，相对标准偏差小于１．３０％。     

便携式分光光度计测定水中总磷

采用螺旋口瓶盖密封消解 -便携式分光光度计建立了环境水样中总磷的分析方法。该法与 GB1 1 893 89(过硫酸钾 -钼蓝法 )方法有良好的可比性。分析结果具有良好的准确性与重现性 ,方法对标准样品的准确度在 98%以上 ,检出限为 0 0 2 2 mg L,变异系数在 0 6 %～ 2 4 %之间 ;实际水样的测试结果与 GB1 1 893-89法的偏差为 2 %～ 4 % ;工业废水的加标回收率为 1 0 2 %～ 1 0 5 %。该方法可应用于污染源的抽查和突发性水环境污染事故的现场监测。     

原油在盐水中的溶解度研究

为了弄清污染事故的污染程度及影响因素,对原油在盐水中的溶解度进行了研究;采用正交实验方法,选定四个主要影响因素：水温、水深度、放置时间及油膜厚度,每个因素取三个水平。实验结果表明：影响水中油浓度最显著的因素是油膜厚度,显著因素是温度和水深度,次要因素是放置时间;研究结果可为污染事故的应急水处理提供依据。     

便携式气相色谱法测定室内空气中的苯系物

介绍了FFKM301便携式气相色谱仪在室内空气苯系物现场监测中的应用,通过对便携式气相色谱仪柱温、压力、泵抽时间和反吹时间等条件的讨论,确定了最佳的方法设置:柱温60℃、压力12psi、泵抽时间20s、反吹时间300s,该方法的检出限为10ppb(苯),精密度小于6%,与经典的气相色谱法进行对比试验,相对偏差不超过20%,能够满足室内空气苯系物的监测要求。     

红外光度法测定样品中石油类和动植物油存在问题的探讨

对国标中水质石油类和动植物油类的红外分光光度法测定实际样品时存在的采样量、萃取破乳、吸附分离步骤中出现的问题进行探讨和改进方法的尝试实验,并对国内外分析土壤、污水处理厂污泥、油田含油污泥样品中石油类的测定方法做了概括归纳及初步探讨。     

Quantification of emission variability for off-road equipment in China based on real-world measurements

• Emissions from 53 in-use diesel-fueled off-road equipment were measured. • There exists a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. • Engine operations have significant impacts on real-world tailpipe emissions. • Emission inventory development should take into account job duties and operations. The objective of this paper is to quantify the variability in emissions of off-road equipment using a portable emission measurement system. A total of 53 commonly used equipment for agriculture, base construction, paving construction, and material handling were selected. Time-based and fuel-based emissions were quantified by different duty and engine modes. Three duty modes (idling, moving, and working) were used. Ten engine modes were defined based on normalized engine revolutions-per-minute and manifold absolute pressure, respectively. Composite emission factors taking into account both duty modes and its corresponding time percentage during a typical duty cycle were estimated. Results showed that there existed a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. Depending on duty and engine modes, time-based NO emissions ranged from 3.1 to 237.9, 29.1‒1475.6, 83.2‒681.6, and 3.2‒385.2 g/h for agriculture, base construction, paving construction and material handling equipment, respectively while for fuel-based NO emissions these ranges were 5.3‒52.0, 11.7‒69.0, 4.8‒30.8, and 11.0‒54.6 g/kg, respectively. Furthermore, emission factors derived from this study exhibited a much larger variability compared to those used in NONROAD by US EPA and National Guideline for Off-road Equipment of China. This implied that localized measurements of emissions are needed for improvement of accuracy of emission inventory. Furthermore, both equipment types and operations should be considered for development of emission inventory and control strategy.     

Development of database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors for China

A database of real-world diesel vehicle emission factors, based on type and technology, has been developed following tests on more than 300 diesel vehicles in China using a portable emission measurement system. The database provides better understanding of diesel vehicle emissions under actual driving conditions. We found that although new regulations have reduced real-world emission levels of diesel trucks and buses significantly for most pollutants in China,NO_x emissions have been inadequately controlled by the current standards, especially for diesel buses, because of bad driving conditions in the real world. We also compared the emission factors in the database with those calculated by emission factor models and used in inventory studies. The emission factors derived from COPERT (Computer Programmer to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) and MOBILE may both underestimate real emission factors, whereas the updated COPERT and PART5 (Highway Vehicle Particulate Emission Modeling Software) models may overestimate emission factors in China. Real-world measurement results and emission factors used in recent emission inventory studies are inconsistent, which has led to inaccurate estimates of emissions from diesel trucks and buses over recent years. This suggests that emission factors derived from European or US-basedmodels will not truly represent real-world emissions in China. Therefore, it is useful and necessary to conduct systematic real-world measurements of vehicle emissions in China in order to obtain the optimum inputs for emission inventory models.